CIVIL ENGINEERING ONE LINERS

BUILDING MATERIALS ONE LINERS FROM GUPTA AND GUPTA. 


‌Neoprene is suitable for use in - bearings of bridges .


‌Pig iron -          electric reduction furnace
      Cast iron  -.       cupola furnace
      Wrought iron  - reverberatory furnace
      Steel -                 LD process

 

‌good quality brick essential to -
               1) blend soil with clay or sand
               2) temper soil in pug mill



‌seasoning of timber increase - strength and durability


‌Timber can be more fire resistance by- Sir able's process



‌Sal/Teak     =     strongest
      Mango  =   least durable
      Chor/ Deodar  =  lightest wood



‌"Creosote"(wood preservative) is derived from = coal/wood



‌A good soil for  making bricks should  contain
                  l.    about 30% alumina ✓
                 2.   about 10% lime nodules
                 3.   a small quantity of iron oxides ✓
                 4.   about 15% magnesia



‌The effect of sea water on hardened concrete is to   
                  1,   increase its strength  
                  2.   reduce its strength   ✓
                  3.   retard setting  
                  4.   decrease its durability   ✓



‌Soft varieties of pig iron are also known.                                1) foundry pig ✓
      2) grey pig ✓
      3)forge pig / white
      4) mottled pig




‌Excess of sulphur in steel results in - red shortness



‌putty is made up of - powdered chalk and raw linseed oil

‌limit of proportionality is applicable more in the case of - Mild steel

‌split tensile strength(0.7√fck) of M15 of its compressive strength- 10%-15%



‌venadium steel used in - axle and spring

‌course aggregate crushing value
                 1) wearing course (pavement)- 30%
                 2) other than wearing- 45%

‌as a construction material, plywood is preferred than thin planks of wood because - 1) good in strength   &   
                        2)  diamentional stability in both lateral and longitudinal direction

‌the  most significant factor that influences the total shrinkage of concrete is -       a)  cement content of mix
                   b) ' total amount of water added at the time of mixing ✓
                  c)  size of the member concreted
                  d) maximum size of the coarse aggregate used         


‌Throating - groove provided on the underside of projecting element like sills.



‌gable- triangle shape masonry work at the end of the roof work.
‌agriculture- babul wood                                     
      Boat construction- benteak wood ( teak)
      Railway sleepers - Deodar
      Musical instruments- Jack


‌Test determine wear of stone - attrition test
‌Fibre saturation  point of timber is the moisture content in  when -  cell walls are saturated with water and cells cavity contains no water.
‌Which of the following mortar is most suitable for construction work in water- logged areas ?  cement mortar


‌ After addition of cement, the gauged mortar should be used within = 1-2 hours

‌pigment- iron oxide
      Drier- zinc sulphate
      Thinner - turpentine
      Extender - aluminium silicate

‌extender are added to paint body to- increase the volume.

‌cullet - broken glass
       Lehr- cooling oven ( glassware are solwly cooled at slow rate)
‌when we heat the Thermoplastic
                 1) it get soften
                 2) No chemical change.

‌wired glass- outside window resist breakage
      Fibre glass- used for thermal insulation
      Ground glass- light admitted vision obscured ( doesn't see) 

‌Elongation Fe250- 23%    Fe415- 14.5%

‌suitable door for AC building - revolving door
‌opening left in flat roof for lightning porpose - lantern

‌as compared to top rail bottom rail and lock rail are wider.

‌min no. Of holdfast - door-3 windows- 2

‌designation of door window ventilator - width, type,height
       Ex.10 DS 20 single shutter door

‌window located at Northern side for best lightning porpose.

‌height between 2 floor 3m riser is 15cm no. Of tread- 18.    (1 landing) 

‌sum of tread and rise -  400& 450 mm.

‌string- support steps in the stair.

‌function of cleat in roof truss- prevent purlin from tilting.

‌sandstone - sedimentary, silicious, aqueous rock.

‌heavy stone used in - retaining wall

‌hard stone used in- rubble masonry 

‌most weather resisting characteristics- quartzite
‌most fire resisting - compact sandstone



‌jumper - used in quarrying


‌spell 🔨 hammer- rough dressing of stone
‌cross cut saw - cutting hard stone

‌shishum is used in decorative woodwork - polished and excellent finishing.

‌brick retain in its shape due to - sillica

‌clamp burning require less initial cost than kiln burning.

‌Glazing used to make earthware impervious.
‌hydraulic lime is obtained by- burning of kankar

‌main constituents which impart hydraulicity to hydraulic lime - clay 

‌setting - tricalcium aluminate( IST, flash)

‌strength- tricalcium sillicate( initial )
                         Dicalcium sillicate ( lateral) 

‌early attainment of the strength- fine grinding

‌normal consistency of opc - 30%

‌paint with
         White lead base - wood
         Red lead base- iron

‌vehicle in enamel paint- varnish

‌Expansion joint in masonry wall provided if length greater than- 40m

‌mortar joint normal to face - cross joint

‌slenderness ratio for masonry wall- 20

‌single Flemish bond consist
                Front- double Flemish bond
                Back- English bond

‌Single Flemish bond consist- one and half brick
‌in sandy soil differential settlement should not more than- 25mm

‌on clay soil settlement should not exceed
            65mm - isolated foundation
            65-100mm - raft foundation.

‌library, theatre, church noiseless floor- cork flooring.

‌triangular space - spandrill

‌lintel preferred to arches -require more headroom( for door window), strong abutment ( withstand pressure), difficult in construction.


‌in construction of arches sand box method used for- striking of centring.



‌type of arch constructed over wooden lintel or flat arch- relieving/ discharging arch


‌junction of principle rafter and tie beam- oblique mortise and tenon joint


‌type of roof sloping in 2 direction with break in the slope on each side.- gambrel roof.

‌mansard roof- 4 direction with break in slope on each side.


‌timber peace at apex point support rafter- ridge board


‌lower edge of roof truss where rainwater drop down- eaves


‌higher pitch result - stronger roof & req. More covering material.


‌couple close roof max span- 4.5m


‌colar beam - horizontal tie almost at middle of rafter


‌function of king post in king post truss- prevent tie beam from sagging at centre.

‌Lime mortar generally made with- hydraulic lime


‌Brass casting - Water taps
       Aluminium- door frames
      Zinc- corrugated sheet roof
     


‌For good bonding in brick masonry- vertical joint in alternate courses should fall in plumb.


‌Laterite - Rough stone work
      Marble - Ornamental Works
      Granite- ballast
     Chalk - cement manufacturing

‌If in a concrete mix the fineness modulus of coarse aggregate is 7.6, the finéness modulus of fine aggregate is 2.8 and the. economical value of the fineness modulus of combined aggregate is 6.4, then the proportion of fine aggregate is
       a) 25 %   b) 33.33%     c) 50 %    d) 66.67 %



‌Michaeli's compound lever apparatus- Tensile strength.


‌Tensile strength of concrete is measured by- applying 3rd point loading on a prism.


‌Cube strength=1.25 × Cylender strength
       I.e. cube strength> Cylender strength
Cube- 15cm.     Cylender- 15cm× 30cm

‌coefficient of linear expansion of granite is in the range of - Glass


‌Texture of sandstone- granular crystalline

‌for complete hydration of cement w/c ratio needed as - 0.38


‌Hydrophobic Portland cement- safe storage under unfavourable condition of humidity
‌Air entraining cement- resistance to frost action.
‌RHC - unsuitable for mass structure.

‌Expansion & Shrinkage of plywood are very low because- piles are placed at right angle to each other.




‌PVC ( poly vinyl chloride ) is a - Thermoplastic material.

‌BIS classifies bitumen into grades 65/25, 85/40 first and second number refers to- Softning point and penetration.

‌Ratio of young modulus of high tensile steel to mild steel- 1

‌cement mortor proportion
      Normal brickwork - 1:6
      Plastering work - 1:4
     Guniting - 1:3
     Grouting the cavernous rock- 1:1.5

‌seasoning of timber : remove sap from timber


‌Blast furnace slag has approx.-
       CaO( lime) - 45%     Sillica - 35%

‌High alumina cement is produce by fusing together a mixture of - limestone & bauxite

‌High early strength obtained by- fine grinding, burning at high temperature.

‌Min. No. Of revolution to mixture machine- 20


‌Addition of surfactant in concrete results - decrease w/c ratio
      - increase strength and density

‌Higher w/c ratio result- better workable mix & weak mix.


‌type of steel used in rails-  Manganese steel


‌Conifer- Softwood
       Deciduous- Hardwood
       Endogenous- bamboo
       Exogenous - Eucalyptus.


‌strong timber pieces is made up by- Tangential sawing.
       (Least shrinkage- radial/ rift sawing )


‌Lewis used in Lifting.
      Plug and feather used in splitting.


‌innermost part - medulla /pith
      Vascular tissue which enclose the pith- medullary rays/ transverse septa

     Thin layer below bark which is not converted in sapwood - cambium layer

‌splitting tensile strength of concrete (Cylender) - 2p/πDL

‌Lignosulphate - water reducing admixture
       Calcium cloride- Accelerator
     
‌air entraining agent- Neutralise vinnsol resin
‌superplasticiser- sulphonated melalin formaldehyde

‌Tenacity - high tensile strength

     Ductility -  Drawn permanently over great changes of shape withought rupture
      Toughness - absorb energy withought rupture.



‌casein glue - obtained from milk, white in colour , used in plywood industry.


‌Standered - vertical member
       Ledger- horizontal member
       Brace - Diagonal member
       Putlog - transverse member

‌Aluminium alloy- low density, high resistance to corrosion
      Copper - lightning conductor
      Lead - DPC in building
      Zinc - Radiation sheilding


‌Le chateleir flask used to calculate- specific gravity.


‌role of superplastisizer - Disperse particle, remove air bubble, retard setting.


‌surkhi is added to lime mortar - impart hydraulicity

‌increase in fineness of cement - increase rate of strength development and leads to higher Shrinkage.



‌method of preservation of timber -
Pressure impregnation > Dipping > brushing and spraying.


‌presence of Weeds( tankat)  in brick earth - makes brick unsound

‌cube strength> Cylender strength > modulus of rupture > split tensile strength

‌test of cement IST and FST done at normal consistency.

‌Endurance limit - resist Reversal of stress
      Fatigue - repeated reversals.

‌diamentional changes is occur in wood due to variation in moisture content- cell wall in the wood are highly hygrocopic.

‌use of cement lime mortar is generally prefer to cement mortar because- high water retaintivity and high mortiability.

‌facing bond is used when bricks are different in thickness -.                                    but it has non- uniform stength


‌in double Flemish bond - appearance is same in both front and back- quoin closer are used next to quoin header in every alternate course.
( Both bond single and double required one and half brick wall)

Road shoulders

0.5% steeper than pavement slope
Minimum slope - 3%
Maximum slope - 5%

Coefficient of permeability

1) Gravel > 1cm / sec
2) Sand - 1- 0.001
3) silt 1- 0.000001
4) Clay > 0.000001

Workability of concrete

1) Very stiff
     1. Slump- none
     2. compaction factor 0.70
2) Stiff
     1. Slump- 0 - 25mm
     2. Compaction factor- 0.75
3) Plastic stiff
    1. Slump 25 - 75mm
    2. Compaction factor - 0.85
4) Plastic
     1. Slump 50- 100mm
     2. CF- 0.90
5) Flowing
    1. Slump 100-150mm
    2. CF - 0.95

Cement

1) specific gravity- 3.14
2) volume ( 1 bag) - 0.035 m³
3) Density - 1440 kg/m³
4) Setting time 1) IST - 1) square needle ( 1mm)
                                         2 ) 30 min for opc
                            2) FST - annular coller(5mm). 10 hr

Geodimeter

GEODIMETER
1) It is a medium range electronic distance meter(EDM)
2)Range 1) on day - 5 km
                2) at night - 25 km

Optical square

Glass Angles

1) HORIZON GLASS- 120°

2) INDEX GLASS - 105°

(Note- angle between Horizon glass and index glass is 45°)